To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which the combination of doxorubicin and apatinib induces enhanced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells, and to identify the proteins carried by the resulting nanovesicles, we conducted a comprehensive proteomic analysis. Mouse triple-negative breast cancer 4T1 cells were exposed to the following three conditions: (1) untreated (control group); (2) treated with doxorubicin alone (10 μM, 24 hours); (3) Co-treated with doxorubicin (10 μM) and apatinib (10 μM) for 24 hours to induce chemotherapy-sensitized ICD. After treatment, cells were harvested and sequentially extruded through polycarbonate membranes with pore sizes of 10, 5, 1, and 0.1 μm to prepare nanovesicles. The resulting vesicle populations were designated as BEVs (designated as “N” in the raw data), Dox-BEVs (designated as “D” in the raw data), and VICIs (designated as “D-A” in the raw data), and were subjected to in-solution digestion. Subsequently, the resulting peptide mixtures were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).