The heated aldehyde-MPs solution was washed twice with NH₄HCO₃ (200 µL of 50 mM) buffer solution and then centrifuged (12,000 rpm, 5 min). Samples were alkylated with 5 μL of iodoacetamide for 1 h, subsequently undergoing tryptic digestion at 37 °C for 16 h (enzyme-to-protein ratio 1:50, w/w). The digestion was quenched with 2 μL of 1% formic acid, and the peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The MS/MS spectra were then searched against the UniProt database using Proteome Discoverer 2.4.