Background: Low-temperature stress induces leaf yellowing in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa), severely affecting its quality. The underlying protein regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Methods: We performed label-free quantitative proteomics on wild-type and pfc1 mutant plants under 25°C and 4°C conditions, comparing protein expression profiles in inner and outer leaves. Results: This dataset identifies key differentially expressed proteins involved in cold response and chloroplast development, providing insights into the molecular basis of cold-induced chlorosis.