This dataset contains mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of acute myeloid leukemia patient-derived xenograft samples collected across serial transplantation stages. The study aimed to characterize proteome remodeling associated with leukemia propagation and disease evolution in AML PDX models. Proteomic data were generated from xenografted human AML cells and are part of a broader multi-omics study integrating serial xenotransplantation, transcriptomics, proteomics and functional therapeutic analyses.