Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily characterized by lipid deposition in hepatocytes, and its incidence is increasing annually, with currently limited treatment options available. Xianggou is a well-known medicinal and edible herb in China, traditionally used for its effects in invigorating the spleen, promoting appetite, and dispelling wind-dampness. In this study, polysaccharides were isolated and purified from Xianggou. Furthermore, the therapeutic mechanism of Xianggou polysaccharides in treating NAFLD was investigated using proteomics.