This study aimed to explore proteomic alterations associated with prostate cancer presence, aggressiveness, and MRI visibility. Tissue and preoperative urine samples were collected from patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia, indolent prostate cancer, and clinically significant prostate cancer, including MRI-visible and MRI-non-visible cases. Proteins were extracted, digested using standard trypsin-based protocols, and analyzed by nanoLC–MS/MS using a high-resolution mass spectrometry platform operating in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode. Protein identification and quantification were performed using established computational workflows. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins across the clinical groups. This dataset includes raw mass spectrometry files, processed identification and quantification results, and supporting files necessary for data interpretation.