This project presents a label-free LC–MS/MS-based proteomic analysis of brain tissue samples from Mus musculus. Brain tissues were collected from three mice per experimental group, yielding a total of nine samples. Proteomic profiling was performed to investigate molecular alterations associated with arsenic-induced neurotoxicity and the neuroprotective effects of taurine treatment. Raw mass spectrometry data and corresponding identification results are provided to support protein identification and quantitative analysis.