The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and a range of systemic complications, including cardiovascular abnormalities. Increasing clinical evidence indicates that COVID-19 patients are at an elevated risk of myocardial injury, arrhythmias, myocarditis, and thromboembolic events. To better characterize molecular alterations associated with infection-related cardiovascular risk, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of human plasma samples obtained from healthy controls, COVID-19 patients, and Dengue patients. High-resolution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify circulating proteins, followed by bioinformatic analyses to evaluate functional enrichment and pathway associations. The dataset reveals infection-associated alterations in proteins linked to inflammatory signaling, coagulation cascades, immune activation, and vascular homeostasis. Comparative analyses highlight both shared and infection-specific proteomic signatures between COVID-19 and Dengue plasma samples. This proteomic dataset provides a resource for exploring circulating molecular changes associated with viral infections and their potential links to cardiovascular complications, and is intended to support further mechanistic and translational investigations.