This project provides a quantitative proteomic dataset investigating the direct antibacterial effect of moxifloxacin on the foodborne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we systematically compared the global protein expression profiles of bacterial cells exposed to a sub-inhibitory concentration of moxifloxacin against an untreated control. The data captures the dynamic proteomic response, revealing differentially expressed proteins involved in critical pathways such as DNA replication, oxidative stress defense, and cell envelope homeostasis. This resource is valuable for elucidating the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones and understanding the early adaptive responses of V. parahaemolyticus to antibiotic stress, serving as a foundation for research into antimicrobial efficacy and resistance prevention.