The Phytophthora nicotianae strain was cultured in liquid oat medium at 28°C for 48 hours, followed by treatment with nanomaterial-coated DDA for an additional 6 hours. Control groups included non-coated DDA and empty nanoparticles, respectively. Three biological replicates were established for each treatment. An appropriate amount of mycelia (100 mg) was collected and ground in liquid nitrogen. Proteins were extracted using lysis buffer and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).