Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lethal respiratory condition characterized by severe alveolar damage, while effective pharmacological treatments remain elusive. Here, we identified the decreased mechanical capacity and impaired proliferation of alveolar type 2 epithelial cells (AT2) in the inflammatory environment as the primary contributors to respiratory failure of ARDS. Furthermore, a biomimetic self–adaptive HCeOx-D@PM was developed to attenuate the inflammation, improve the mechanical capacity and increase the proliferation of AT2 cells for precise ARDS therapy. HCeOx-D@PM comprises platelet membrane (PM) shell for targeted delivery to injured lungs and hollow mesoporous cerium oxide (HCeOx) core, which enables high drug loading, efficient ROS scavenging and penetrating the alveolar–capillary barrier. Initially, HCeOx-D@PM suppresses the inflammation and mitigates the adverse effects of lesions on AT2 cell by scavenging accumulated ROS. It then adaptively releases 7,8-dihydroxyflavone in response to Caspase-3 activation, facilitating AT2 cell proliferation, significantly improved survival rates in vivo, offering a promising advancement in the precise treatment of respiratory diseases.