Bamboo is one of the most important non-timber forestry products in the world. Light is not only the most critical source of energy for plant photosynthesis, but also involved in regulating the biological processes of plants. However, there are few reports on how blue/red light affects moso bamboo. This study investigated the growth status and physiological responses of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) to blue and red light treatments. The growth status of the bamboo plants was evaluated under different light conditions, revealing that both blue and red light treatments promoted plant height and overall growth compared to the dark treatment. Gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and enzyme activity were measured to assess the photosystem response of moso bamboo to light treatments. Both blue and red light treatments significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the bamboo plants. Additionally, the blue light treatment led to higher chlorophyll content and enzyme activities related to photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation compared to the red light treatment.