Foliar development involves successive phases of cell proliferation and expansion that determine the final leaf size, and is characterized by an early burst of reactive oxygen species generated in the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC). To further characterize this process, we performed a label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of wild-type and plastid-targeted flavodoxin-expressing leaves. According to the leaf growth profile, we chose three representative developmental stages for the first emerging leaf (leaf 1): proliferation at 6 days post-germination (dpg), expansion at 16 dpg, and maturity (fully expanded leaves) at 25 dpg. A total of 8,911 individual proteins could be identified and assigned from the collected samples, comprising all genotypes and developmental phases. These data provide novel insights into the regulation of leaf growth by chloroplast-generated redox signals.