Updated project metadata. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptides play a critical role in immune cell recognition and can trigger an antitumor immune response in cancer. Surface MHC levels can be modulated by anticancer agents, altering immunity. However, understanding the peptide repertoire response to treatment remains challenging and is limited by quantitative mass spectrometry-based strategies lacking robust normalization controls. We describe a novel approach that leverages recombinant heavy isotope-coded peptide MHCs (hipMHCs) and multiplex isotope tagging to quantify peptide repertoire alterations using low sample input. HipMHCs improve quantitative accuracy of peptide repertoire changes by normalizing for variation across analyses and enable absolute quantification using internal calibrants to determine copies per cell of MHC antigens, which can inform targeted and combination immunotherapy design. Applying this platform to profile the immunopeptidome response to CDK4/6 inhibition and Interferon gamma, known modulators of antigen presentation, uncovered treatment-specific alterations, connecting the intracellular response to extracellular immune presentation.