This project reanalzyes data from 4 other projects. Information about the samples can be found in the following four publications. The four samples used in this study include a ocean metaproteome sample, a human sample, a E. coli sample, and a Plamodium falciparum sample. B. N. Pease, E. L. Huttlin, M. P. Jedrychowski, E. Talevich, J. Harmon, T. Dillman, N. Kannan, C. Doerig, R. Chakrabarti, S. P. Gygi, and D. Chakrabarti. Global analysis of protein expression and phosphorylation of three stages of Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic development. Journal of Proteome Research, 12:4028–4045, 2013. Damon H. May, Emma Timmins-Schiffman, Molly P. Mikan, H. Rodger Harvey, Elhanan Borenstein, Brook L. Nunn, and William S. Noble. An alignment-free metapeptide strategy for metaproteomic characterization of microbiome samples using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Journal of Proteome Research, 15(8):2697–2705, 2016. PMID: 27396978. M. Kim, S. M. Pinto, D. Getnet, R. S. Nirujogi, S. S. Manda, R. Chaerkady, A. K. Madugundu, D. S. Kelkar, R. Isserlin, S. Jain, et al. A draft map of the human proteome. Nature, 509(7502):575–581, 2014. Hansjrg G ̋tzke, Claudio Muheim, A.F. Maarten Altelaar, Albert J.R. Heck, Gianluca Maddalo, and Daniel O. Daley. Identification of putative substrates for the periplasmic chaperone yfgm in Escherichia coli using quantitative proteomics. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 14(1):216–226, 2015.