Updated project metadata. RNA localization and local translation are important biological processes that underlie establishment of body axis, cell migration and synaptic plasticity. However, it is unclear to which extent mRNA localization contributes toward local proteome and how much of protein localization is achieved via protein transport or local translation of uniformly distributed mRNAs. To address this question, we performed genome-wide analysis of the local proteome, transcriptome, and translation rates in neurites and cell bodies of neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells. Our results reveal mRNA localization as a key determinant of protein localization to neurites that accounts for around a half of the neurite-localized proteome. Moreover, we identify non-coding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins targeted to neurites.