Updated project metadata. N-terminal acetylation (NTA) catalyzed by N-terminal acetyltransferases (Nats) is among the most common protein modifications in eukaryotes, but its significance is still enigmatic. Characterization of the plant NatA complex reveals evolutionary conservation of NatA biochemical properties within higher eukaryotes and uncovers specific and essential functions of NatA for regulation of development, numerous biosynthetic pathways and stress responses in plants. We show that NTA decreases significantly in case of drought stress, since NatA abundance is rapidly down-regulated by the phytohormone abscisic acid. Accordingly, down-regulation of NatA by genetic engineering is sufficient for induction of the drought stress response and results in strikingly drought resistant plants. Thus, NTA by the NatA complex is a vital cellular surveillance mechanism during stress. We conclude that imprinting of the proteome by NatA is a master switch for control of metabolism, development and cellular stress responses and integrates stress signals by perceiving the hormone abscisic acid.