Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer with poor prognosis. However, effective treatment options for advanced HCC are limited. Sorafenib, a first-line treatment for advanced HCC, has shown limited clinical benefits due to the onset of drug resistance. Thus, it is imperative to comprehend the mechanisms underlying sorafenib resistance and explore novel strategies to overcome or delay it. Here, we established HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with acquired resistance to sorafenib and performed comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses on these models. This investigation led to the identification of 9,366 proteins and 20,127 unique phosphosites. The active cell cycle pathway, along with the active cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1 and DNA-dependent protein kinase PRKDC, was identified through KEGG pathway enrichment and kinase substrate enrichment analyses. Upon investigating the potential of combining sorafenib with putative kinase inhibitors, we found that the combination displays synergistic anti-proliferative effects in both the sorafenib-resistant liver cancer cell line and PDX models, thus providing a proof-of-concept for phosphoproteomic-guided design of precision medicine.