Histone lactylation is an important biochemical process that plays a vital role in cells. Histone is a protein that is the basic unit of chromosomes. Histone lactylation refers to the addition of a lactoyl group to histone molecules. This process can change the structure and function of histones, thereby affecting the structure and function of chromosomes. Histone lactylation is catalyzed by an enzyme called histone lactyltransferase. This enzyme can transfer a lactyl group to a lysine residue on a histone molecule, thereby forming a lactylated histone. Lactylated histones have different functions, they can affect the structure and function of chromosomes, thereby affecting the expression of genes.