EVs were extracted from the serum of normal and DMV-reduction participants and compared their proteome profiles through a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy analysis and Tandem Mass Tag label quantitation analysis. In vitro assays were also conducted to access the impact of EVs on the reduction of vein number and brain atrophy, using serum-derived EVs to treat neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells.