Updated PubMed. Caecal contents from three specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, and three germ-free (GF) mice were analyzed by DIA-MS (SWATH-MS) using TripleTOF 5600+ (SCIEX). Paraprevotella clara (P. clara) culture supernatants nontreated and treated tunicamycin or 2-fluro-L-fucose (2F-Fuc) were analyzed by DIA-MS using Q Exactive HF-X (Thermo Fisher Scientific). In addition, GF mouse caecal contents were incubated with P. clara or medium control. Supernatant samples were collected at the indicated time points and subjected to peptidome analysis using Q Exactive HF-X (Thermo Fisher Scientific).