Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of arrhythmia observed in clinical cardiac diseases. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and elevation of blood pressure have been considered to be the main risk regulators of AF. However, the time series proteome profiling and the key signaling pathways involved in the development of Ang II-induced AF remain unclear. Wild-type C57BL/6 male mice (10 weeks old) were infused with Ang II (2000 ng/kg/min) for 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. AF inducibility, left atrial volume and fibrosis were examined by echocardiography and histological staining. The time series proteome in atria tissues was evaluated with Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technologies. This study defined the dynamic changes of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in Ang II-induced AF, and identified that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may play a key role in this disease. These findings provide a resource for understanding the molecular mechanism research of AF.