The use of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps could be an alternative method to improve somatic embryogenesis, yielding more efficient somatic embryo development and maturation than the use of conventional fluorescent lamps. The aim of this work was to study the influence of light quality on the somatic embryo development and differential abundance of proteins during the maturation of papaya (Carica papaya) cv. ‘Golden’ embryogenic cultures, using LED lamps with different wavelengths. Of all the LED treatments, the white plus medium blue (WmB - 450/530 nm) light resulted in the best somatic embryo production after 28 days of maturation. The WmB and fluorescent treatments generated 82.4 and 47.6 cotyledonary stage somatic embryos, respectively. By a comparative shotgun proteomics analysis between WmB LED and fluorescent lamps treatments, a total of 28 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated proteins were identified. Among the proteins up-regulated in the cultures treated with WmB LED light compared with fluorescent light were the indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase (GH3), pyrophosphate-energized vacuolar membrane proton pump (H+-PPase), and actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) proteins, which are involved in the regulation of auxin levels by auxin conjugation and transport. Additionally, proteins related to energetic supply, protein metabolism, cell wall remodeling, internal trafficking, and cell division were up-regulated, showing a significantly higher abundance in the embryogenic cultures incubated under WmB LED light than those incubated under fluorescent light.