Updated publication reference for PubMed record(s): 30714903. Cyanobacteria are an integral part of the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles and a promising resource for the synthesis of renewable bioproducts from atmospheric CO2. Sustainable industrial applications, however, are still scarce and the true limits of phototrophic production remain unknown. One of the limitations of further progress is our insufficient understanding of the quantitative changes in photoautotrophic metabolism that occur during growth in dynamic environments. Uncovering principles of allocation of the key metabolites or proteins as a response to changing environment can provide significant advances in our understanding of phototrophic production limits. However, resolving such complex question requires multidisciplinary approach combining highly-controlled cyanobacteria cultivation coupled to quantitative analyses of specific cellular components. The following datase represents proteomic analysis of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that was cultivated in the well controlled environment of laboratory-scale photobioreactors in the quasi-continuous regime that allowed for maintaining the cells in the exponential growth phase. The sampels were taken under light-limited (25 - 220 µmol(photons) m-2 s-1), optimal (440 µmol(photons) m-2 s-1) and photoinhibited growth (1100 µmol(photons) m-2 s-1). Each culture was sampled in five biological replicates.